Board of directors Essay Example for Free

Board of directors Essay Introduction This case study analysis describes Sam Adams dilemma, whether or not to give a favorable recommendation to the board of directors for his friend and former colleague Bud Wizer. Sam was told by corporate that Bud listed him as a personal and professional reference on his job application. This triggered emotional turmoil in Sam because his friend was allegedly fired for sexual harassment from his last position. Sam’s values and moral standards will be tested during this analysis. Will Sam be loyal to his friend and say yes, or will he be loyal to his  company and tell what he thinks he knows? I will use Professor Badaracco framework, questions and test to analyze Sam’s dilemma and provide recommendations for what he may say to the board of directors. I will start by using question number one from Badaracco’s framework, which way of proceeding will get me the best net-net consequences? In this first step we are asked to explore the pros and cons of Sam’s ethical dilemma to determine who will win, who will lose and at what cost. As I create my list I see that the risks are significant. If Sam decides to tell corporate about  the alleged Sexual Harassment information about Bud and the information is not true or proven, corporate may view Sam in a negative light. If he does not tell corporate and they find out later that he knew his reputation could be tarnished and the level of trust that corporate has for him now will decrease. If Bud is not given an opportunity to work it will have an effect on him and his family. The benefits could also be significant, if Bud is hired, the corporation could gain an outstanding employee, and Sam would have helped his friend get a job and even perhaps a bonus. It appears that the greatest benefits and least harm would be if Sam did not say anything. Sam does not know for sure if the act was committed and Bud said the victim came to apologize and she did not feel harassed. The next question is about rights of individuals and groups that we cannot violate. In a democratic society, the legal requirements reflect the basic values of citizens so there is an overlap between law and morality (Hosmer, 2011, p. 62). Everyone has the right to the truth and everyone also has the right to privacy. The board of directors has a right to know the truth in regards to the employees and Bud has a right to his privacy. If Sam mentions the alleged sexual harassment to the board of directors he may be in violation of Bud’s individual rights. The third question of what message do I want to send about what I stand for about ideals and principles going forward? While in this position, Sam is being observed to see how he handles any situation but especially one that involves ethics and morals. When the board of directors or Bud is speaking of Sam he want to send the message that he wants to send is that he has integrity. He is trying to do the right thing and would want others to know that. What will work in the world as it is? Sam could take a chance to be bold and not tell the board of directors about Bud’s alleged sexual harassment incident. He could take the risk and Bud could end up being the best employee on the staff. Badaracco gave three tests to help choose an effective solution. The first is the newspaper test. As Sam makes his way to the board room he has to decide whether or not to tell about the alleged incident and be ok with the decision that was made knowing that he has now gone public. He needs to make sure that this is the best possible choice. Sam needs to make sure that what he saying has merit. The sexual harassment charge has not been proven. Sam should consider how he would feel if someone had information on him that was hearsay and reported it someone of significance. Sam should ask himself at this point if it would be fair to mention this to the board of directors without having all of the facts. The last test is the obituary test, the right way of dealing with the issue. The dilemma, what should Sam do. There is not time to call Bud and have him speak with the board of  directors directly. He will need to buy more time because morally he can’t give a recommendation without knowing all of the facts and he can’t let his friend down without knowing all of the facts. He should give Sam a stellar recommendation based on his professional performance only. Sam does not have any facts of what happened and should not bring it up to the board however; he should speak with his friend about the harassment case to clear the air. Reference Badaracco, J. L. , Jr. (2002). Defining moments: A framework for moral decisions. Harvard Business School Faculty Seminar Series. Retrieved from http://cb. hbsp. harvard. edu Hatcher, D. , Sommers N. (2011). A writer’s reference (7th ed. ). Boston: Bedford/St, Martins Hosmer, L. T. (2011). The Ethics of Management: A Multidisciplinary Approach (7th ed. ). New York, N. Y. McGraw Hill/Irwin. Chapters 1, 2, 3, and 4. Pauli, R. A. (2011). A question of loyalty: A case study. Retrieved from University of Maryland University College, College Park, Graduate School of Management and Technology website: http://tychong. umuc. edu/tycho/AMBA/610/1109/9042/conference/launchconferencing.

Cloning is Unethical :: essays research papers

In recent years our world has undergone many changes and advancements, cloning is a primary example of this new modernism. On July 5th, 1995, Dolly, the first cloned animal, was created. She was cloned from a six-year-old sheep, making her cells genetically six years old at her creation. However, scientists were amazed to see Dolly live for another six years, until she died early 2005 from a common lung disease found in sheep. This discovery sparked a curiosity for cloning all over the world, however, mankind must answer a question, should cloning be allowed? To answer this question some issues need to be explored. Is cloning morally correct, is it a reliable way to produce life, and should human experimentation be allowed? Scientists have no problem with the ethical issues cloning poses, as they claim the technological benefits of cloning clearly outweigh the possible social consequences, not to mention, help people with deadly diseases to find a cure. Jennifer Chan, a junior at the New York City Lab School, said, "?cloning body organs will help save many patients' lives," she said. "I think that cloning is an amazing medical breakthrough, and the process could stop at cloning organs--if we're accountable, it doesn't have to go any further." This argument seems to be an ethical presentation of the purpose of cloning. However, most, if not all scientists agree that human cloning won?t stop there. While cloning organs may seem ethical, cloning a human is dangerous. Still, scientists argue that the intentions of cloning are ethical. On the other hand, there are many who disagree with those claims. According to those from a religious standpoint, it is playing God, therefore, should be avoided. From a scien tific standpoint it is also very dangerous, as scientists are playing with human cells which, if done wrong, can lead to genetic mutations that can either become fatal to the clone, or cause it severe disabilities. This information does, in fact, question the moral of the issue. If cloning is unsafe and harmful, what is the point? Another argument pertains to the reliability of cloning. Cloning experts have claimed it is, in fact, an effective procedure. Scientists have admitted it is risky, but also have argued that with time, and more experimentation, cloning will become extremely reliable and effective. However, facts are not as supportive towards this claim as scientists may want. Currently only 3 out of 71 cloning eggs have lived, and only 1 out of 278 fully developed clones have survived from those eggs.

Use Psychological Theories to Explain Aggressive Behaviour

Use Psychological theories to explain aggressive behaviour. Describe three method’s a coach might use to eliminate aggressive tendencies of performers and to encourage an active and healthy lifestyle. (6 Marks) Aggression is the attempt to harm outside the rules of the game. There are many different theories of how aggression is formed. Instinct theory was proposed by Freud and is the trait view of behavior and shows the drawbacks of this perspective, that behaviour is at all time predictable.It proposes that aggression is genetically inherited and that a violent trait lies within everyone. Freud called this innate characteristic the ‘death instinct’, which purpose is to seek aggressive destruction. Lorenze put foreward the idea that aggressive energy is constantly building and needs to be released. Bandura presented the social learning theory, which has the view that all behaviour is learnt. Aggression is not a genetically based innate characteristic but it nurtu red by the external environmental factors.So aggression can therefore be learned by watching and copying from role models and becomes an acceptable way to behave if it is reinforced. Aggression is likely to occur if it is part of the social and cultural norm of a group. The Frustration aggression hypothesis was proposed by Dollard, he proposed that frustration develops when goal-directed behaviour or need to achieve is blocked. The tendency towards frustration is increased when the pursued goal reflects ego or outcome orientation. Frustration occurs from environmental situations such as defeat, good opposition and poor officiating.This is a integrationist theory because frustration generated by the environment triggers the aggressive gene. If the aggressive act is successful, frustration is released and the aggressor feels good. This is known as a cathartic release. But if the aggression fails and results in punishment, further frustration is generated. The aggression cue hypothesis theory presents a second integrationist perspective and builds upon Dollard’s work. Berkowitz believed that frustration lead to an increase in arousal.However, he disagrees that frustration alone will always trigger aggression. He proposed that frustration creates a readiness for aggression, which is triggered when a provocative environmental cue is present. Aggressive cues such as perceived unfairness for example; biased officiators will trigger aggression in sport if arousal among participants is high. However, better players have the capacity to control frustration and arousal. A coach could introduce some cognitive strategies to lower psychological arousal such as counting to ten to regain composure.They could introduce somatic methods to eliminate aggression such as relaxation techniques and breathing techniques to calm down. The aggressive person could also be given a role of responsibility or shown that dysfunctional behaviour will be punished, for example in a match aggressive behaviour will not be tolerated and the player will be substituted. But also non-aggressive behaviour should be positively reinforced. Emphasis on non-aggressive role models will help to eliminate aggressive behaviour. The control of aggression positively promoted an active and healthy lifestyle.

Essay on Net Present Value and Moderate Keywords

Chapter 6 | Capacity Planning | | TRUE/FALSE 1. Capacity is the maximum rate of output of a process. Answer: True Reference: Introduction Difficulty: Easy Keywords: capacity, maximum output rate 2. Capacity decisions should be made separate from strategic decisions. Answer: False Reference: Introduction Difficulty: Moderate Keywords: capacity decision, strategic decisions 3. Capacity can be expressed by output or input measures. Answer: True Reference: Planning Long-Term Capacity Difficulty: Moderate Keywords: capacity, input measures, output measures 4. Input measures of capacity are inherently more accurate than output measures of†¦show more content†¦A firm may preempt the expansion of competitive firms by using an expansionist capacity strategy and announcing a large capacity expansion. Answer: True Reference: Capacity Timing and Sizing Strategies Difficulty: Moderate Keywords: expansionist strategy, capacity expansion 17. An expansionist capacity strategy minimizes the risks of overexpansion due to overly optimistic demand forecasts. Answer: False Reference: Capacity Timing and Sizing Strategies Difficulty: Moderate Keywords: wait-and-see strategy, overexpansion, demand forecasts 18. A process’s capacity requirement states the future process capacity needed to meet projected customer demands, and includes an allowance for the desired capacity cushion. Answer: True Reference: A Systematic Approach to Long-Term Capacity Decisions Difficulty: Moderate Keywords: capacity requirement, customer demand, capacity cushion 19. A planning horizon is defined as the period beyond which the company does not have customer orders. Answer: False Reference: A Systematic Approach to Long-term Capacity Decisions Difficulty: Moderate Keywords: time horizon 20. Output measures are used for estimating capacity requirements when product variety and process divergence are high. 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